Neurology and Neurosurgery Essay -- Medical Brain Health Essays

Nervous system science and Neurosurgery Nervous system science Overview In spite of the fact that our essential intrigue is with the Medial Fleeting Lobe, likewise called the V5 zone, a conversation of the whole movement observation pathway is educational. Movement observation really starts with the particular visual receptors in the retina known as M-cells (from the Latin word magnus, for enormous). As the name infers, the M-cells are moderately huge, situated in the fringe retina, and react rapidly to transient visual incitement making them unmistakably appropriate for movement identification. On the other hand, P-cells are littler, situated in the fovea, respond all the more gradually to upgrades, what's more, are fit to fine-detail vision. Motivations from the retina at that point travel by means of the optic nerve to the optic chiasm where strands of the optic nerve from the inward (nasal) half of every retina cross while those all things considered (worldly) half of every retina remain on a similar side. This fractional crossing is an element of warm blooded creatures, though for most vertebrates underneath warm blooded creatures, all the strands cross. It must be brought up that no movement preparing is really done in the optic chiasm. About 20% of the axons leaving the optic chiasm go to the Superior Colliculus, which is answerable for certain eye developments and spatial limitation. The staying 80% of the axons go to the Lateral Geniculate Core, LGN (Schiffman, 2000, p. 71-73). The LGN speaks to the following movement handling step after the M-cells in the retina. The Magnocellular Division of the LGN explicitly forms the motivations from the M- cells in the retina and is particularly fit to recognizing little complexities among light and dull zones in this manner upgrading three-dimensionality and movement ef... ..., J. W. (2004). Natural Psychology (eighth ed.). Belmont, CA: Thompson-Wadsworth. Naikar, N. (1996). View of evident movement of shaded upgrades after commissurotomy. Neuropsychologia, 34(11),1041- 1049. Nawrot, M., Rizzo, M., Rockland, K.S., Howard, M. (2000). A transient deficiency of movement recognition. Vision Research, (40),3435-3446. Schiffman, H.R. (2000). Sensation and Perception (fifth ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons. Ulbert, I., Karmos, G., Heit, G., and Halgren, E. (2001). Early segregation of cognizant versus incomprehensible movement by multiunit and synaptic movement in human putative MT+. Human Cerebrum Mapping, 13(4),226-238. Vaina, L.M., Cowey, A., LeMay, M., Bienfang, D.C., and Kikinis, R. (2002). Visual deficiencies in a patient with colorful crumbling of the visual world. European Journal of Nervous system science, (9),463-477.

Case Study National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy

Question: Examine about theCase Studyfor National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy. Answer: The National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy (NSPS) The national acquisition methodology for shipbuilding is an administration actualized key program of Canada to rebuild the armadas those include the Royal Navy branch of the country. The shipbuilding technique has been introduced in the year 2010 through the administration pledge to obtain potential hardware and appropriate employment profiles for the Coast gatekeeper and Royal Navy division of Canada (Sloan, 2015). The purpose for Canadian Governments choice to upgrade this system is the shipbuilding business of Canada has picked up no noteworthy significant development from 1990 to 2010. The Canadian government accepts that no productive requests for building vessels have been gotten in the middle of the long periods of 1990 to 2010 (Lerhe, 2013). Thus, it has been seen that in examination with other amazing nations of the world, Canada needs hardware get to. Close by, the greater part of the laborers of Canadian shipyards used to have absence of legitimate expertise and gracefully lines discovered ineffectively oversaw. Consequently, the Canadian government felt the critical need to build up a drawn out arrangement to help and renew the vessel developing office and Coast watchman of Canada, which will be practical simultaneously. Considering the need of both enormous and little vessels and the need to execute a solid upkeep and fix development, the system of shipbuilding obtainment is intended to have three distinctive casing works. These On a very basic level, NSPS is the piece of The National Shipbuilding system (NSS), which on a similar side is a long haul and economical arrangement of Canadian government for restoring those vessels, which are utilized for both battle and non-battle purposes. It is essential to take note of that, the legislature of Canada tied their bunch two driving Shipyards Shipyard of Halifax and Vancouver Shipyard of Seaspan (McCoy, 2015). In any case, the choice to rejuvenate the government armada of Canada has been enthused by the key choice to reconstruct the shipbuilding business take in the year 2006. Be that as it may, the administration set five explicit objectives for NSPS concerning the prerequisite for shipbuilding segment. The objectives incorporate a) remaking the branch of Federal vessels, b) Maximize the estimation of the Taxpayers and the expansion the offer of this particular industry, c) Form a drawn out vital security with Shipyard of Halifax and Vancouver Shipyard of Seaspan , d) Optimizing responsibilities for Value recommendation and e) at last fortify the shipbuilding segment of Canada (Sloan, 2015). Nonetheless, these objectives as often as possible watched two monster limitations, which are insufficient financial plan for such a colossal venture and poor program the board. Tragically no genuine estimation have been taken to firmly go up against these dangers. What's more, it has been anticipated that these two dangers have opened the entryway for new dangers those could make destructive impression on perspectives, for example, development and innovation headway. The Value Proposition The part of offer related with the dedication of NSS in regards to the shipyards of long vessels has been proposed to give more prominent advantages to the marine business of Canada. The offer have been set up dependent on three individual expectation which are to create HR or the work power, make productive speculation for specialized headway lastly advancement of the business. Rather than the way that the shipbuilding system has been at first offered to assemble ships and to remake the naval force office, NSPS has been proposed to renew the monetary development of the country by expanding the incentive for the citizens and cultivate modern improvement by innovation headway by actualizing DPS (Defense Procurement methodology) and Industrial and Regional Benefit (IRB) (Stone, 2015). Area development As an outcome of IRB, the huge vessel program has contributed total national output worth of $4.4 billion and from the year 2012 5,500 employment opening have been made. In any case, it is stunning that the barrier system taken through NSPS still doesn't appear to be strong for the mechanical base. As indicated by a large portion of the provincial and mechanical associations contended and grumbled that the acquisition system has done nothing productive as they are barred from remote agreements (Gilmour, 2014). Also, there is absence of help from the central government for the household endeavors to turn into the primary purchasers in correlation with other outside organizations. Provider Development The monetary advantages as far as the providers from the NSPS have been reflected through the accomplishment of the provincial and modern providers everywhere throughout the country. Under the program of IRB, 100% agreement esteem is given to the Canadian business because of which every year Canadian fare fabricating endeavors secure requests worth of $20 million. From the year 2012 to 2015, close around 492 providers have gotten contracts worth of $1.3 billion and an expected measure of $355 million has been given to the providers of medium to little estimated ventures (Vucetic, 2016). Then again, over $21 million worth of agreements have been given to the providers of indigenous foundation. Research and Developments (R D) Canadas wellbeing and Security program set up by the Defense inquire about which is driven by the DPS has been sending the development of innovative work process. The Development Canada alongside Defense examine has declared 20 new science extends and has participated in the $14.5 billion speculation program for wellbeing and security, taken by the DPS. It is to be noticed that the development in R D would not have been conceivable without the execution of NSPS as DPS is one of the significant piece of the boat acquirement technique (Auger, 2016). The new RD ventures drove by DPS incorporate expanding reconnaissance capacities, advancement of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and improvement of web mapping and other effective cautioning administrations for people in general. Fares With the hand of NSPS Canadas trade industry has contributed close about 49% of the whole sell in the year 2012. Because of the Value suggestion of NSPS, Ontario would be the main system for send out potential in Canada (ic.gc.ca, 2014). Through the execution of International fare technique, the incentive has embedded the gradual limit of the exporters. The methodologies to fortify the possibilities of the providers are Distinguishing the objective market Distinguish chances and moderate them Point out methodology for advertise section Break down the upper hands of the bidders. References Twist drill, M. (2016).The Evolution of Defense Procurement in Canada. Library of Parliament. https://www.lop.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2016-09-e.pdf Gilmour, J. (2014). Canadian Defense SpendingA Case Study of Mismanagement.Journal of Military and Strategic Studies,15(2). https://jmss.journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/see/535/522 Lerhe, E. J. (2013).The National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy: An Update. Canadian Defense Foreign Affairs Institute. https://cdfai.org.previewmysite.com/PDF/The%20National%20Shipbuilding%20Procurement%20Strategy%20-%20An%20Update.pdf McCoy, K. M. (2015).Design and investigation of US Navy shipbuilding contract architecture(Doctoral exposition, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/100110 Division, I. (2014).ITB Policy: Value Proposition Guide - Industrial and Technological Benefits.Ic.gc.ca. Recovered 23 October 2016, from https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/086.nsf/eng/00006.html#export Sloan, E. (2015). America's rebalance to the Asia-Pacific: The effect on Canada's vital reasoning and oceanic posture.International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis, 0020702015572764. https://ijx.sagepub.com/content/mid/2015/03/03/0020702015572764.abstract Stone, J. C. (2015). Improving the Acquisition Process in Canada.SPP Research Paper,8(16). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2590370 Vucetic, S. (2016). Who surrounded the F-35? Governmentmedia relations in Canadian resistance procurement.International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis,71(2), 231-248. https://ijx.sagepub.com/content/71/2/231.short

Management Proposal :: Management Report Summary

The executives Proposal Profound well penetrating has been around for a considerable length of time. Throughout the years, various methods have been created so as to improve the productivity of boring in various diverse topographical areas. Today’s profound well boring industry rotates around the utilization of bits. All together for this organization to be capable with time and cash, it is fundamental to utilize bits that are sufficiently extreme to withstand sway, while simultaneously as yet having a hard surface to secure it against wear. Case solidifying will be the strategy for decision in view of it’s notable capacity to make the ideal impacts of hardness and sturdiness. Case solidifying is a procedure where low-carbon steel or iron is carbonized at the surface. The carburized steel part should be machined first in the delicate condition, and afterward solidified by a case solidifying treatment to make a hard external layer. The sort of warmth treatment utilized will rely upon the substance of the steel. A run of the mill steel composite for all-around auxiliary designs is made out of 0.35% carbon. For our case, we will utilize a chromium steel blend known as No. 5120, which is a greatly improved quality composite than carbon steel. The callous apparatus we look to make should have the option to withstand high pressure impacts and have a hard strong surface to keep the bit from breaking. Chromium-steel No.5120 is expected to satisfy these accurate particulars. The ideal degrees of carbon and chromium are 0.20% and 0.75%, separately. So as to achieve this, the right warmth treatment must be applied. A demonstrated moderate technique for casehardening is gas carbonizing. The target of gas carbonizing is to compel a progression of carbonaceous gas between the two plates. The outcome is an entrance of carbon in less time. The plates are warmed by power, which takes into account an increasingly uniform carbon infiltration. The most popular carbon gas utilized for this procedure is carbon monoxide due to its capacity to quickly infiltrate the metal. A reaction of carbon monoxide is an oxidizing impact that may hurt the unfeeling metal. To maintain a strategic distance from this, the work is stuffed with wood charcoal in a chamber. It is then warmed to the carbonizing temperature and, a current of carbon dioxide is implanted into the chamber. After the metal has been gas carbonized between 1650 degrees F.

Institute Of Graduate Studies And Research Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

This article discusses the effects of financial institutions like Banks and especially Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) on the growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) in Ghana. The study examined the contribution of MFIs to entrepreneurial growth, the challenges encountered by SMEs in accessing credit and the rate of credit utilization by SMEs. The paper also highlights the positive effect of MFIs on the growth of SMEs like enhancing saving habits of SME business operators and individuals, instituting business, financial and managerial training activities by MFIs, etc. Irrespective of the contributions of MFIs to SMEs, there are challenges that affect their operations of both SMEs and MFIs, like high interest rate on the part of MFIs, the inability to provide the collateral securities in cases where they were demanded from SMEs, problems in the repayment of loans from individuals who have been granted financial support, etc. The article was concluded with some recommendations to help improve the activities of MFIs in order to ensure a proper growth of SME businesses. INTRODUCTION Throughout the world, poor people are excluded from formal financial systems. Exclusion ranges from partial exclusion in developed countries to full or nearly full exclusion in lesser developed countries (LDCs). Absent access to formal financial services, the poor have developed a wide variety of informal, community-based financial arrangements to meet their financial needs. In addition, over the last two decades, an increasing number of formal sector organizations (non-government, government, and private) have been created for the purpose of meeting those same needs. Microfinance is the term that has come to refer generally to such informal and formal arrangements offering financial services to the poor (Brau Woller, 2004, p. 2). Microfinance encompasses the provision of financial services and the management of small amounts of money through a range of products and a system of intermediary functions that are targeted at low income clients. Microfinance refers to provision of s mall loans and other facilities like savings, insurance, transfer services to poor low-income household and microenterprises, as cited by Asiama and Osei (2007). Microenterprises are normally family businesses or self-employed persons operating in the semi-formal and informal sectors; most have little chance of growing into larger scale firms, accessing bank finance, or becoming internationally competitive. Serving them often requires distinct institutions and instruments, such as the group based lending methodologies used by some microfinance institutions. In contrast, SMEs usually operate in the formal sector of the economy, employ mainly wage-earning workers, and participate more fully in organized markets. SME access to formal finance is a desirable possibility, and SMEs are more likely than microenterprises to grow and become competitive in domestic and international markets (Hallberg, 1999). Microfinance has several benefits for developing nations. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have become the main source of funding micro enterprises in Africa and in other developing countries, as stated by Quaye (2011). Access to financial services is imperative for the development of the informal sector and also helps to mop up excess liquidity through savings that can be made available as investment capital for national development (World Bank Africa Region, 1999), as cited by The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (2012). As pointed out by the former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan during the launch of the International Year of Micro Credit (2005), Sustainable access to microfinance helps alleviate poverty by generating income, creating jobs, allowing children to go to school, enabling families to obtain health care, and empowering people to make the choices that best serve their needs (Kofi Annan, December 2003), as cited by Quaye (2011, p. 11). LITERATURE REVIEW In most African countries, the bulk of manufacturing employment is in self-employment and enterprises of fewer than 10 workers, while most output is generally produced in large firms of more than 100 workers (Liedholm and Mead 1987), as cited by Steele Webster (1992, p. 426). The development of small and medium sized companies has often been regarded as a missing link in development strategies of African countries, as several import-substitution policies have favoured large corporations at the expense of SMEs (Santos, 2003, p. 6). According to Afrane (2002, p. 38), Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of many economies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and hold the key to possible revival of economic growth and the elimination of poverty on a sustainable basis. Despite the substantial role of the SMEs in SSAs economies, they are denied official support, particularly credit, from institutionalized financial service organizations that provide funds to businesses, as cited by Afrane (2002). Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are commonly believed to have very limited access to deposits, credit facilities and other financial support services provided by Formal Financial Institutions (FFIs). This is because these SMEs cannot provide the necessary collateral security demanded by these formal institutions and also, the banks find it difficult to recover the high cost involved in dealing with small firms. In addition to this, the associated risks involved in lending to MSEs make it unattractive to the banks to deal with micro and small enterprises (World Bank,1994), as stated by Quaye (2011, p. 11). Statistically, small enterprises are reported to have high failure rates making it difficult for lenders to assess accurately the viability of their enterprises, the abilities of the entrepreneur, and the likelihood of repayment, as cited by Quaye (2011). According to Quaye (2011), SMEs in Ghana have the tendency to serve as sources of livelihood to the poor, create employment opportunities, generate income and contribute to economic growth. Micro-finance, on the other hand, according to Otero (1999) as cited by Quaye (2011) is not just about providing capital to the poor to combat poverty on an individual level, it also has a role at an institutional level. It seeks to create institutions that deliver financial services to the poor, who are continuously ignored by the formal banking sector. Asiama and Osei (2007) stated that Microcredit is one of the critical dimensions of the broad range of financial tools for the poor, and its increasing role in development. Microcredit also refers to a small loan to a client made by a bank or other institutions. Microcredit is most often extended without traditional collateral. If physical collateral were a requirement for borrowing, most MFI clientele would be unable to participate due to their extreme poverty level. Because borrowers do not have physical capital, MFIs focus on using social collateral, via group lending. Group lending encompasses a variety of methodologies, but all are based on the principal of joint liability. In essence, the group takes over the underwriting, monitoring, and enforcement of loan contracts from the lending institution (Wenner, 1995), as cited by Brau Woller (2004, p. ). Under joint liability each group member is made responsible for the loans of other group members. If one member defaults, the other group members are required to cover the loan from their own resources, and if they do not, they lose access to future loans. It is thus in each members interest to ensure that the other members pay, as stated by Brau Woller (2004). Lending to SMME or even poor individuals when compared to standard commercial banking involves: (i) a greater level of risk (due to the lack of collateral, business plan and other) and (ii) higher costs (to select and monitor clients), especially given the small amount of the loans. One of the characteristi cs of microfinance operations, and in particular financially sustainable ones, is to charge high interest rates. These vary from MFI to MFI, depending on the type of operations, target clients and the economic environment among other factors, as stated by Santos (2003, p. 16). Quaye (2011) stated that the Microfinance industry has become a major backbone in the sustenance and survival of SMEs in Ghana. Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), as part of their core business, provide credit to SMEs. In addition to these financial services, MFIs also provide non-financial services like business training, financial and business management to help improve the capacity of their clients in managing the loan resources granted them. Governments in both industrialized and developing countries provide a wide variety of programs to assist small- and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs). Despite the success of SME strategies in a few countries (e.g., Taiwan, northern Italy, Ireland), the majority of deve loping countries have found that the impact of their SME development programs on enterprise performance has been less than satisfactory (Hallberg, 1999, p. 1). Traditionally, government intervention to promote SMEs has focused on the provision of credit through various means direct lending through first-tier development banks, second-tier credit facilities channeled through banks and other financial institutions, and portfolio requirements often supplemented by credit guarantee schemes. Subsidized interest rates and guarantees were common in the past and continue to be used in many countries, reflecting the (likely erroneous) view that the high cost of credit is the main constraint facing SMEs (Hallberg, 1999, p. 9). Today there are thousands of MFIs providing financial services to an estimated 100 200 million of the worlds poor (Christen et al., (1995), as cited by Brau Woller (2004, p. 2). METHODOLOGY In this research article, neither the qualitative or quantitative analysis would be adopted because it doesnt involve the collection of first hand information. This research was conducted through the use of secondary materials in the form of research articles and journals. This paper focused on areas related to topics in micro-financing and financing of Small and Medium Enterprises. This research provides a comprehensive review of over 10 articles (including dissertations and articles from the World Bank) and addresses the issues of MFI sustainability, products and services, management practices, clientele targeting, regulation and policy, and impact assessment. CONCLUSION The various research findings showed that MFIs have contributed enormously to the growth of the SME sector through several activities. The MFIs have provided SMEs a greater access to credit than the traditional banks. Since most of these SMEs are Micro, their credit needs are very small and their credit needs are most of the times meet. Most SMEs were found to be dealing with more than one MFI, and the credits granted helped to boost their capital and expand their businesses. Microfinance Institutions have enhanced saving habits of SME business operators and individuals. The traditional banking sector is unable to introduce saving products that will attract Micro businesses. MFIs have been able to create a platform that enables Micro businesses to save the little income they earn on daily basis with little cost. For most MFIs, the saving accumulated is the basis for the amount of loan to be granted. The habit of saving has been enhanced through the activities of MFIs. A revie w of previous researches indicated that SMEs have benefited from Business, Financial and Managerial Training activities by MFIs. Knowing that most entrepreneurs lack or have very little knowledge in financial management, these support services have gone a long way to make them more competitive and very alert to the implications of their financial decisions. The findings from the reviewed research articles also revealed a majority of respondents indicating that the operations of MFIs had had a positive effect on their businesses. Despite the contribution of MFIs in the activities of SMEs, some of the researches indicated that there were some challenges faced by SMEs in the process of accessing credit. Some of the SME respondents found the process of accessing credit as cumbersome. Some these challenges were the inability to provide the collateral securities in cases where they were demanded. High interest rate was also mentioned as one of the challenges faced in accessing credi t. The high interest rates in most cases make clients unable to repay their loans. Even though SMEs encountered some challenges in assessing assistance for the improvement and development of their businesses, the MFIs on their part also provided some of the challenges they also face in granting credit. They encountered problems in the repayment of loans from individuals who have been granted financial support. Most of these clients either delay in their loan repayments or dont follow the agreed loan repayment schedules made available to them by these financial institutions. Lack of proper documentation in terms of business registration and a permanent business address makes it difficult for MFIs to make the necessary follow up on prospective SMEs who want to do business with them. Some of these companies are not properly registered and thus makes it difficult to grant them loans because there is a high tendency of them not paying back these loans upon granted to them. They can easily relocate to a new place since they dont have a permanent business address and the right business registration papers from the authorities. These MFI also highlighted the lack of collateral security on the part of SMEs when applying for financial support. MFIs try to give out secured loans to its clients by collecting some form of collaterals in the form of non-movable items especially when these SMEs are not clients of theirs. They insist on these collaterals so that during times of default in the repayments of the loan, they would have a substantial replacement which would be equivalent to the amount loaned out to them. High interest rates on loans being given out to SMEs was stated as one of the major setbacks. A lot of SME operators struggle with the high interest rates on some of the loans they apply for. Because these businesses are normally acquire some substantial amount as loan to run their businesses, it is difficult for them to go for loans which have high re payments because it would be hard for them to gain any profits to continue running the operations of the business even after servicing these loan repayments. It would be more of doing a business and gaining nothing in return due to the interest rates accompanying them. Poor records keeping on the part of the SMEs were also pointed out as a challenge for the MFIs. Some of these SMEs have an improper way of keeping track of their repayment schedules on their loans. Some also have a poor way of making inventory on the items which have been purchased with loaned money in their businesses. They find it difficult to notice the growth of their business because of lack of proper records keeping. Keeping an up-to-date record on inventory which was purchased from loaned money should help the business operators on whether they are making a profitable venture or not because it would go a long way on how they make their loan repayments. Another challenge was the lack of transparency in the business accounts and related business information. RECOMMENDATION In other to enhance a sustained and accelerated growth in the operations of SMEs credits should be client-oriented and not product-oriented. Microfinance Institutions and other financial institutions like Banks should provide services that satisfy the needs and wants identified by clients. To provide client-oriented services, staffers listen to and learn about their clients through regular conversations, surveys and feedback. Proper and extensive monitoring activities should be provided for clients who are granted loans. MFIs should make a good assessment of prospective clients before granting them loans. They should make sure that SMEs have the necessary documentations to facilitate their loan applications. MFIs should also make regular visitations to clients who are defaulting with their repayment of loans or make regular calls to remind them on their loan repayment schedules. In order to encourage technology acquisition for SME expansion, MFIs and Banks can categorize thei r loans into low and high interest loans. The conventional loans to clients can be maintained as high interest loans, while loans for capital assets or technology acquisition should be low interest loans, which can be secured by a mortgage over the fixed asset so acquired by the micro-borrower. To achieve this, the Microfinance Banks should be recapitalized to enable the banks to support MSEs growth expansion adequately, as suggested by Babajide (2012). There should also be appropriate institutional arrangement linkages between the formal and informal financial institutions. MFIs should be able to liaise with other Commercial banks especially in the modification of services and loan products to SME operators. Because SMEs may need lesser amounts to run their businesses as compared to huge amounts needed by other bigger firms or manufacturing companies, these banks can partner with MFIs so that clients who are SME operators would be able to access such small amount of cash loans t hrough them in order to grow their business with the needed financial support. There should be an integration and coordination of Microfinance Institutions by establishing a central regulatory body for all microfinance institutions in the country which could be compared to the way banks are regulated by the Central Bank. If MFI are governed and monitored by this central body, there would be uniformity in the way things are done in this sector especially with the way interest rates are disbursed on loans to SMEs and other prospective clients.

Benefits Of Renewable And Renewable Energy Essay - 2239 Words

Our world and specifically the U.S. are dependent on the use of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource and one that we are extremely dependent on. We will soon run out of fossil fuels, and when that happens in the near future we must be prepared. There are groups that believe that renewable energy is not efficient, and the cost is too great to be effective. Some even believe that jobs will be lost and the economy will falter. There is some truth to this, but this argument is much deeper than monetary issues. In the long run, it is essential to develop renewable and clean energy sources because without it the U.S. may very well be doomed. It is also beneficial to develop alternative energy they have many advantages over conventional fossil fuels. A complete effort is essential in order to successfully transfer to clean and renewable energy. These energy sources have major benefits for the U.S. who is far behind European nations, and without improvements will fall behin d. Developing clean and renewable energy results in multifaceted benefits; these benefits along with the fact that we have a limited supply of fossil fuels allows for the conclusion that it is vital to commit to renewable energy. There are multitudes of problems with fossil fuels, but one is that they are nonrenewable. We will be out of natural gas in about 50 years and oil between 2025-2070 (Senior). Most of our world is currently dependent on fossil fuels, and this is an alarming fact.Show MoreRelatedThe Benefits Of Renewable Source Of Energy893 Words   |  4 Pagesbiodiesel burns much cleaner than diesel fuel (Berget al., 2011). According to Bosch and his colleagues, the demand for renewable source of energy is exceeding political agendas (2015). Renewable energies is in great interest of developed countries that lack fossil fuels (Bosch et al., 2015). 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It is the harnessing of natural resources that are constantly renewable such as sunlight for solar panels and wind for wind turbines, just to name two (Lamb

Illicit Drug Use And Safe Injection Sites - 1450 Words

Illicit Drug Use and Safe Injection Sites: A Risk or a Benefit? Heroin, methamphetamine, and opioids have been around for centuries and the use of these drugs is not a new phenomenon. The use of injection drugs causes individual’s serious harm and have placed large expenses on the health care system. â€Å"Heroin, cocaine and other drugs kill around 0.2 million people each year, shattering families and bringing misery to thousands of other people† (United Nations iii); Because of-these incidents harm reduction strategies have been put in place to create a safer and more educated population, but it has only been a start. ‘Safe injection sites’ has become a well talked about term in the last decade. The term itself refers to a physical place†¦show more content†¦202). SIS provides an upstream approach thanks to investing in solving the current complications of IDUs. Overdoses are one of the high-risk problems when working with IDUs. Marshall et al. recorded that â€Å"[b]etween Jan 1, 2001, and Dec 31, 2005, 290 accidental illicit drug overdoses occurred within the city boundaries of Vancouver—an average of 1 ·1 per week† (1432). With SIS, the lack of understanding can first be addressed, followed by the precautions and knowledge the individuals can take away to prevent an overdose occurring personally or to another individual. Resources and support are available from the staff working at SIS, which would be lost without these injection sites creating relationships with health care workers. With the capability for healthcare providers to interact with this population, the ability to directly improve individual lives, and progress quality of life is researched and argued by authorities on the matter to occur. Sites such as ‘Insight’ were originally opened because of the growing awareness surrounding the high rates of diseases intravenous drug use is known to cause, such as HIV and the Hepatitis C virus. 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Integrating Four Skills in Clt Context free essay sample

In the history of language teaching, many methods and approaches have been used and developed. Among them Communicative Language Teaching is now thought as the most influential or must-use one. It is clearly defined in the handout: It would be fair to say that if there is any one umbrella approach to language teaching that has become the accepted norm in this field, it would have to be the Communicative Language Teaching Approach. Below is a lesson plan which is based on the CLT approach and we try to integrate four macro skills in it. This lesson plan is designed or intermediate-level or sophomore students at SFLC, NUM. In the lesson, we are aiming at a result in which students are actually able to use the language about environment, especially about the climate change/global warming, both verbally and in writing. Even though it looks like each task focuses on different skill, every task is designed to integrate at least 2 skills of the four. We will write a custom essay sample on Integrating Four Skills in Clt Context or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, the lesson is a part of a sequence lesson which means in the previous class they have been introduced vocabulary related to the environment. The period of the lesson plan is an hour and a half. Lesson procedure Warm-up: As a warm-up students are asked about the weather that day and previous day. The question is for the whole class; therefore anyone who feels comfortable to talk in front of the whole class can answer. Then they are asked to work in pairs to talk about their favorite weather. Its a simple task to encourage the students and build confidence in them. The warm-up is about 10-15 minutes. Speaking: When the students are thought to be ready and confident enough, gradually turn the class into a discussion about climate change and global warming (causes of the climate hanges, whats happening in the world, what we can do about it, etc). Then they are divided into group of three and given statements of the Task 1 . Students should discuss about the statement and when they are finished with it they can rotate the statements around the groups. Since the topic is a popular one all the students are encouraged to speak out. They can also use some Mongolian language if they cant express them freely (but they should try as much English as they can) . As for the teacher, they need to use the target language as often as possible in order to provide ealistic models for students to use. I would give some explanation or help in Mongolian on the students request (15-20 minutes). Listening: As the discussion is on the global warming and climate change, students are now asked to listen to people speaking out their opinion on global warming. This is very authentic and contextualized because the tape script is actually taken from a readers discussion on a weather website. It will help the students to move from structured language production to more communicative language use . At first the tape is played without ny interference. For the second time it should be stopped after each speaker and the students are asked if they agree or disagree with that person and to comment on the speakers opinion. If the students do not agree with each other and start an argument, they should be encouraged to defend their own idea. In this way, the listening task would turn from an inactive listening task to one where the students take alternate roles as listener and speaker (20 minutes). Writing: At this time, own opinion and built knowledge on the subject . Therefore, students are asked to rite a small opinion passage about global warming. They should imagine that they are writing it on the real website discussion. In the previous task students have listened texts which models how people are expressing their opinion. Thus, the students will not face difficulties. After they are done with the task, they should exchange what they have written (20 minutes). Reading: Students are given handouts in which they need to read short passages about different areas of environmental issues (preferably questions discussed in the speaking section). Students are asked o read the passages at their own speed and match them to a set of questions. In order to match questions to the passages, students are required to demonstrate a global comprehension of the passages. Also this type of readings sharpens the students reading skills. While reading the handouts students are not allowed to use dictionary, because it distracts them from understanding the text. At the same time, it will help them to learn to recognize words automatically which is a basis for reading skill . When students complete the task, check the answer. (1 5 minutes) Homework (explaining HW will take 5 minutes): Students are asked to work in groups of four. Choose one of the environmental issues and present it to the class. It can be in any form e. g. ews report, role-play, informative presentation and etc. This task is supposed to integrate all four skills including (but not limited to) activities such as: 0 Doing some research and reading them thoroughly 0 Or listening to news reports for information 0 Writing about the topic based on information they found 0 Finding related pictures and other visual materials and preparing to explain them Working with their partners which should include sharing opinions and listening to the others 0 Presenting it to the class and responding to any questions those come from peer students afterwards. Handouts for the tasks Task 1: Discussion Statements Climate change is the most serious threat to our planet at the moment. All countries should be forced to apply serious regulations to reduce carbon emissions. Normal people cant do much to stop global warming. I am worried about climate change. Everybody should do whatever they can to save energy. Climate change isnt as serious as people say. People like to worry about something! There are simply too many people living on planet earth! We are going to lose many animal species and areas of low land in the very near future be cause of global warming. Gonzalo Im all in favour of global warming. I grow tropical plants so for me the warmer the weather is the better! Tanya In 20 years time the traditional British weather will be a thing of the past. Well have a climate like the south of France. People will be healthier as theyll spend more time outdoors. Just think, dining al fresco in the summer months. Itll be great! Luis no one can tell me that global warming isnt happening. Weve Just had the hottest year on record! My sister lives in the north of Spain and she said that it is beach weather there and its November. I mean its not normal is it? Kevin When I was a boy we used to have heavy snow most years. Since the early 90s all weve had is a light dusting of snow. It must be due to global warming. Ruth You only have to switch on the news to see the crazy things the weather is doing. There are so many floods, hurricanes and droughts. Its the extreme weather conditions caused by global warming. Oliver Theres no such thing as global warming. Its all media hype to brainwash people. If they told us the moon was made of cheese often enough people would believe it! Mark The world will never be the same again, but thats how it has always been. It changes constantly and nature and man can adapt to these changes. If we couldnt, human life on the planet would have finished years ago. Task 3 Who do you agree with most? Who do you disagree with? What would you write to the message board? Put your message here. Share your message with the class. Does anyone have the same view as you?